鑒定技巧

　　Appraisal skills

　　（一）作品的時代風(fēng)格

　　（1） The era style of the work

　　每一件書畫作品都有其特有的時代風(fēng)格，這是與其所處時代的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、生活習(xí)俗以及物質(zhì)條件緊密相關(guān)的.比如說，山水畫在一開始時是不講究比例的，“人大于山，水不容泛”是它的時代特征。因此，早期的山水畫多攝取全形，而等到后來畫家知道只要按照比例就可以將大自然縮寫在畫幅中時，取景才開始向局部發(fā)展。

　　Every painting and calligraphy work has its unique style of the times, which is closely related to the politics, economy, customs, and material conditions of its era For example, in the beginning, landscape painting did not pay attention to proportion, and the characteristic of its era was that 'people are larger than mountains, and water cannot overflow'. Therefore, early landscape paintings often captured the full form, but it wasn't until later when painters learned that nature could be abbreviated in proportion that framing began to develop towards the local.

　　書法也是一樣。從文學(xué)方面來看，不論書寫的是詩是文、詞匯的運(yùn)用、事跡的敘述、思想感情的表達(dá)等，都能看出它的時代風(fēng)格。另外書札行款格式和書畫件幅也對鑒定書畫有一定的幫助。

　　Calligraphy is the same. From a literary perspective, whether it is writing poetry or literature, using vocabulary, narrating stories, expressing thoughts and emotions, etc., one can see its era style. In addition, the format of calligraphy and painting documents and the size of calligraphy and painting pieces are also helpful for identifying calligraphy and painting.

　　（二）藝術(shù)家的個人風(fēng)格

　　（2） Artist's personal style

　　個人風(fēng)格通常要比時代風(fēng)格具體得多，藝術(shù)家的思想、性格、審美觀、習(xí)慣甚使用的工具都各有特點。作畫時的運(yùn)筆、線條、構(gòu)圖、人物相貌等無不反映出作者的個人風(fēng)格特征。尤其是鑒定近現(xiàn)代的作品，由干時代相近，個人風(fēng)格則尤其重要。“熟記畫家一百八，書法家九十八”說的就是要了解歷史文化，熟記歷代書畫家的姓名、字、號、別號，以及他們的經(jīng)歷和他們字、畫的特征的道理。

　　Personal style is usually much more specific than the style of the era, and the artist's thoughts, personality, aesthetic views, habits, and even the tools used have their own characteristics. The stroke, lines, composition, and appearance of characters during painting all reflect the author's personal style characteristics. Especially in identifying modern and contemporary works, personal style is particularly important as they are from similar eras. The phrase 'Remembering 180 painters and 98 calligraphers' means understanding history and culture, memorizing the names, characters, names, and aliases of famous calligraphers and painters throughout history, as well as their experiences and the characteristics of their characters and paintings.

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